Insulin
• Insulin which is a naturally occurring hormone secreted by the pancreas, plays an important role in our human body as this regulates carbohydrate and fat metabolism and responsible of cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen (energy storage), source of energy, in the liver and muscle. This is also provided within the body in a constant proportion to remove excess glucose from the blood, which otherwise would be toxic at a higher level. When blood glucose levels fall below a certain level the body begins to use fat as an energy source or gluconeogenesis, mechanism which keeps blood glucose levels from dropping too low, for example, by transfer of lipids from adipose tissue to the liver for mobilization as an energy source. As insulin level is a central metabolic control mechanism, its status is also used as a control signal to other body systems (such as amino acid uptake by body cells). In addition, it has several other anabolic effects throughout the body. When insulin levels in the body are abnormal, this will lead to the disease called Diabetes.
Diabetes
• This is also known as Diabetes Mellitus, is a chronic illness, where our blood sugar is higher than normal. This is either due to our body is unable to produce insulin known as Type I Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus/Juvenile Diabetes or our body cells do not respond to the insulin produced known as Type II Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus and when pregnant women who never had diabetes before but suddenly have high blood glucose during pregnancy known as Gestational Diabetes.
• The illness is predominant between men and women, non-hispanic whites and non-hispanic blacks in ages 20years or older and 65years or older.
• Thanks to the Scientific Researchers, Chemists and Manufacturers who are behind developing the cure of the disease and making cure available, our Diabetes Patients are living more comfortably and have a better living condition.
Management and Lifestyle Modification
• Management concentrates on keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal ("euglycemia") as possible without presenting undue patient danger.
• This can usually be with close dietary management, exercise, and use of appropriate medications (insulin only in the case of type 1 diabetes mellitus).
• Oral medications may be used in the case of type 2 diabetes, as well as insulin.
• Patient education, understanding, and participation is vital since the complications of diabetes are far less common and less severe in people who have well-managed blood sugar levels.
• Wider health problems may accelerate the deleterious effects of diabetes. These include smoking, elevated cholesterol levels, obesity, high blood pressure, and lack of regular exercise.
• There are roles for patient education, dietetic support, sensible exercise, with the goal of keeping both short-term and long-term blood glucose levels within acceptable bounds.
• In addition, given the associated higher risks of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle modifications are recommended to control blood pressure.
Recommended Food and Diet
• Quality is much more important than quantity. Make your calories count with these nutritious foods. Healthy carbohydrates such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes (beans, peas and lentils) and low-fat dairy products. Fiber-rich foods include vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes (beans, peas and lentils), whole-wheat flour and wheat bran. Heart-healthy fish like Cod, tuna and halibut, salmon, mackerel and herring and avoid tilefish, swordfish and king mackerel. 'Good' fats but eat sparingly like avocados, almonds, pecans, walnuts, olives, and canola, olive and peanut oils.
METFORMIN
• Metformin (Generic Glucophage) is an oral antidiabetic medication in the biguanide class, first found to reduce blood sugar in 1920’s.
• Metformin (Generic Glucophage) is considered as one of the two oral antidiabetics in the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines.
• Metformin (Generic Glucophage) was introduced to the United Kingdom in 1958, to Canada in 1972 and to the USA in 1995.
• Metformin (Generic Glucophage) is now believed to be the most widely prescribed Antidiabetic Medication in the world and prescriptions were filled in the USA alone for more than 42 million in 2009 for its generic formulations.
USA Branded Names:
• Glucophage, Glucophage XR, Glumetza, Riomet, Fortamet.
Worldwide Branded Names and Generic Names:
• Glucophage, Glucophage XR, Riomet, Fortamet, Glumetza, Obimet, Dianben, Diabex, Diaformin, Rona and Metforal, Apo-Metformin ER, Apo-Metformin IR, Apo-Metformin SR.
Preparations:
• Metformin 500mg, 850mg, and 1000mg (1g).
• Metformin SR (slow-release in 2004) 500mg and 750mg.
• Metformin XR (extended-release in 2004) 500mg and 750mg.
• Metformin CR (controlled-release) 500mg and 750mg.
• Metformin IR (Immediate-Release) 500mg, 850mg and 1000mg.
• Metformin Solution in 2003, Oral Solution 100mg/mL
Manufacturers:
• Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Takeda International, Ranbaxy, Cipla, Aventis, Wallace and Others.
Combination Products:
• Metformin with Rosiglitazone – Avandamet,
• Metformin with Pioglitazone - Actoplus Met
• Metformin with Glipizide – Metaglip
• Metformin with Glibenclamide – Glucovance and Glibomet
• Metformin with Sitagliptin – Janumet
• Metformin with Meglitinide repaglinide
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